Question Three
Neurogenic bladder dysfunction can be caused by congenital anomalies like damage of the central and peripheral nervous system and meningomylocele. It affects the coordination of the bladder sphincter leading to its interactivity called hypotonic or over activity called hyper-reflexive. The patient may have a full bladder but not be able to expel the waste or not be able to control the bladder. Normal bladder function involves low-pressure filling of the bladder when storing urine and coordination of the detrusor contraction of the internal and external urinary sphincter movement during the expulsion of urine. It is diagnosed through urinalysis, creatinine clearance, bladder cystometrogram, and urinary flow rate evaluation. The condition is usually manageable through medications, lifestyle change, use of catheters, or by surgery.
References
Tyagi A, Aeddula NR. Azotemia. [2021 May 12]. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls
Publishing; 2022 Jan: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538145/