APRNs are involved in treating and diagnosis of illnesses, teaching the members of the population on health issues, management of chronic illnesses, engaging in continuous learning to remain relevant in the provision of care. Cowan works as a palliative care consult service where she has more than 27 years of experience working as an APN at Caldwell institute. From the interview, Cowan stated that she assesses, evaluates, and manages adult patients with various life-limiting conditions including cancer, kidney disease, COPD, heart failure, and dementia. Required areas of competence include symptom management to promote comfort/quality of life even at the end-of-life stages. Kirkpatrick, Cantrell, and Smeltzer (2017) identify that care provision requires high competency levels and a team-oriented approach Cowan work in close collaboration with other team members in developing the most effective strategies that will meet the patient’s and family members’ therapeutic, physical, social, spiritual, and emotional needs of the patient. Hospice care is primarily designed for critically ill patients with have less than six months of life. The chief goal of palliative care services is to provide the patients with maximum care and comfort through their end stages of life. Strategies of comfort measures provided include pain management and controlling symptoms of chronical illnesses. Cowan held several positions in the pain management field that were both in the academic and private practice settings. At Wake Forest Baptist Health Center, Cowan works as an NP where her scope of practice involved addressing chronic pain and multi-modal pain management, and conducting relevant follow ups. Frank et al., (2019) identify that chronic pain management requires a guided model of pain management. Expert guidelines from the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) recommend prioritizing nonopioid treatments over opioid therapy for chronic pain (Frank et al.,
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