Mr. Doyle is experiencing Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) based on the symptoms he is experiencing. Thus, COPD refers to a chronic pulmonary inflammatory illness that produces blocked pulmonary airflow. Symptoms include respiratory trouble, cough, production of mucus (sputum), and wheezing. This is often caused by long-term gas or particle substances exposure, usually through smoking cigarettes (Arrigo et al., 2019 pp. 140). Persons with COPD are more at risk for heart disease, lung cancer, and several other diseases. In this scenario, Mr. Doyle is a persistent active cigarette smoke for decades which makes him experience extreme conditions of COPD.
Consequently, the most prevalent diseases contributing to COPD are emphysema and chronic bronchitis. These two diseases are often expected and can differ in severity among people with COPD. The inflammation of the lining of the bronchial pipes conveys the air from and to the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs called chronic bronchitis. It is distinguished by cough and daily mucous production (Arrigo et al., 2019 pp. 140). In this regard, emphysema is a disorder in which alveoli are damaged by harmful exposure to cigarette smoke and other irritating gasses and particle matter at the end of the tiniest air passageways of the lungs (bronchioles). Therefore, while COPD is a gradual, longer-term illness, COPD is curable. Most COPD individuals can achieve reasonable symptom control and quality of life with appropriate treatment as well as reduced risk of other related diseases.
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Nevertheless, the development of unfavorable functional changes related to an illness is known as pathophysiology. Thus, the latter begins with airway impairment and little airbags in the lungs for patients with COPD. For patients with such conditions, symptoms develop from cough with mucous to breathing difficulties. The COPD damage cannot be remedied. However, the affected individuals may take specific preventive actions to reduce their COPD risk. The combined processes of peripheral inflammation and airway reduction culminate in COPD. The latter leads to airflow constraints and alveoli, and terminal ultimately affects and capillary vessels and tissues deterioration and loss that further limit airflow and diminish transferring capability. Airflow restriction is measured by the quantity and intensity of inflammation, fibrotic development inside the airway, and the presence of secretions and exudates. Reduced exhalation airflow leads to an air trap that might result in less respiration and less activity (Arrigo et al., 2019 pp. 140). In addition, gas transfer abnormalities are associated with decreased airflow and alveolar and pulmonary vascular bed structure loss. Low levels of blood oxygen (hypoxemia) and increased blood carbon dioxide levels (hypercapnia) are caused by the impeded transport of gas.
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