A substance that binds to and triggers a receptor is known as an agonist. Full, partial, or inverse (Shiriaeva et al., 2022). A full agonist has high effectiveness, causing a complete reaction while occupying a small number of receptors. Comparing partial and full agonists, partial agonists are less effective. No matter the concentration, it cannot evoke the maximum response because it causes sub-maximal activation even though it occupies the whole receptor population. While binding to the same receptor binding site as an agonist, an inverse agonist exerts the opposite action.
Compare and contrast the actions of g couple proteins and ion-gated channels.
With between 600 to 1000 members, g couple proteins are the biggest protein family and have been connected to a variety of normal biological and pathological processes (Hu et al., 2022). They perform a broad variety of tasks, including the recognition of photons, tiny chemicals, and proteins. Ion-gated channels, on the other hand, are cellular membrane pores that permit ions to enter and exit the cell. The human genome has around 400 ion-gated channels. G-couple proteins, as opposed to ion-gated channels, are metabotropic receptors, while the latter are ionotropic.
Explain how the role of epigenetics may contribute to pharmacologic action.
The study of molecular alterations made to DNA and chromatin that result in changes in the expression of genes is known as epigenetics (Ganesan et al., 2019). Cytosine base methylation and chemical alterations to histone and nonhistone proteins, including acetylation and methylation, are examples of epigenetic modifications. The maintenance of normal phenotypic activity in cells as well as the development of diseases like cancer and neurological diseases like Alzheimer’s have all been linked to epigenetic alteration of gene activity.
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