Orem’s stated several crucial concepts in the attempt to design her model. Her model consisted of three primary concepts i.e. the nursing systems, self-care deficit and finally self-care (Sitzman & Eischelberger, 2010). Each of these concepts was extensively explained by the use of other critical terms.
She began by expounding self-care as the actions taken, in the bid to uphold individual healthiness. She further noted that magnificent healthcare results to a commendable body functioning, which in turn increases an individual’s span.
Orem explained self-care agency as the skills used to maintain an impressive healthcare. Orem noted that self-care agency was immensely influenced by certain factors, which she referred them as “basic conditional factors.” “Therapeutic self-care demands” is also a concept used by Orem, in expounding self-care. She defined the term as the requirements needed by a person at different life period. Orem defined self-care deficit as the incapability to maintain personal and family healthcare.
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Metaparadign is expressed in Orem’s theory via certain fundamental terms i.e. surroundings, Nursing, human and health (Sitzman & Eischelberger, 2010). In her theory, she defined human as the unhealthy person (a patient), who needs nursing intervention to regain his or her healthiness.
She explained health by linking it to self-care; health of an individual is explicitly determined by the self-care. She also explained health as how individuals functions i.e. either in terms of psychophysiology or physiology.
Orem further expounded on her understanding of nursing; she explained the term as the deliberate act of assisting unhealthy persons with the aim of changing their status. She finally concluded her paradigm by describing the environment as a collection of certain elements i.e. socioeconomics, organic, materials and chemical (Sitzman & Eischelberger, 2010).
Orem borrowed some philosophical ideologies and incorporated them in her model. The ideology behind self-care was lifted from philosophical thoughts i.e. the sick have the desire for restoring their healthiness. It is also noted that, Orem used some philosophical ideologies in expounding the term “moderate realism.”
Additionally, she engaged several scholars from dissimilar discipline, in designing her model; a number of them being from philosophical fields. This, unquestionably, indicates how philosophy significantly contributed to the creation of the self-care theory.
Orem’s theory has a number of models which are described using certain fundamental nursing concepts. She proposed a nursing system, which can be used by nurses, after evaluating a patient’s health. Orem elaborated his nursing structure ideologies using three approaches (systems) i.e. partly compensatory, fully compensatory, and finally supportive-educative (Sitzman & Eischelberger, 2010).
Fully compensatory recommends for complete compensation to patients who are incapable of maintaining self-care. Partly compensatory proposes for joint efforts between the nurse and client towards the improvement of self-care. In the supportive-educative, only the patient participates in the maintaining of his or her own self-care; however, a nurse can assist whenever there is self-care agency.
Several theories were developed by nursing scholar in the attempt to advance nursing practices. These theories contain some similar concepts; for instance, the use of metaparadigm in Orem’s and Watson’s theories. Orem’s theory can broadly be applied by nurses, to improve the wellness of human beings in various capacities. However, it is imperative, to comprehensively conceptualize the terms used by the theorists before applying the theory.
Ho, C. Ying, S. & Chau, J. (2010). The effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for family Caregivers on the psychosocial wellbeing, physical health and quality of life of stroke family caregivers and their stroke survivors: a systematic review. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong.
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