Measures of Central Tendency
Measures of central tendency are commonly applied in the data analysis processes to determine or reveal the attributes of variables under consideration. Before engaging in the hypothesis testing, there is always the need to perform descriptive statistics to show the distribution of data and to further determine the approaches that ought to be undertaken in hypothesis testing and other data analysis processes. Besides, measures of central tendency can be applied to manipulate the datasets before undertaking inferential statistics (Bilimoria et al., 2018). Some of the common measures of central tendency applied in the processes of data analysis include mean, median, mode, maximum, minimum, frequencies and percentages. The tables below indicate the descriptive statistics for the National Cancer Institutes for the year 2018.
Table 1: Measures of Central Tendency
| Race | Measures of Central Tendency | ||
| Mean | Median | Mode | |
| American Indian / Alaska Native (includes Hispanic) | 43.28 | 43.86 | N/A |
| Asian / Pacific Islander (includes Hispanic) | 38.513 | 38.9 | 36.6 |
| Black (includes Hispanic) | 70.07 | 71.41 | N/A |
| Hispanic (any race) | 31.493 | 32.1 | 34.1 |
| White (includes Hispanic) | 62.73 | 64.6 | 65.8 |
Table 1 above shows the descriptive statistics for the races represented in the research process. The measurements were recorded for every 100, 000 individuals. The descriptive statistics shows that black races are more prevalent to cancer compared to other races involved in the study. From the analysis, black race indicated the highest rate of cancer infections. The White race followed closely with the mean of 62.73. The outcome of data analysis also showed that Hispanic race had the lowest rate of cancer infection, a record that call s for further research processes to determine the reasons for the observation. The data applied were collected between the years 2000 to 2016, a duration of sixteen years.
The American Indians who took part in the study showed the highest rate of cancer infection of 51.7 for every 100,000 individuals, the lowest rate of cancer infection was recorded as 32. The data used in the study were recorded in the year 2005. Among the Hispanics, Blacks, and Whites, the highest rates of cancer infections were recorded at 35, 79, and 68.8 respectively.
Table 2: Measures of Variation
| Ethnicity/Race | American Indian / Alaska Native (includes Hispanic) | Asian / Pacific Islander (includes Hispanic) | White (includes Hispanic) | Black (includes Hispanic) | Hispanic (any race) |
| Variance | 27.72 | 5.68 | 26.16 | 45.43 | 8.399 |
| Standard Deviation | 5.265 | 2.38 | 5.12 | 6.740 | 2.898 |
| Maximum | 51.72 | 41.8 | 68.8 | 79.00 | 35.00 |
| Minimum | 32.00 | 34 | 53.2 | 57.42 | 26.00 |
| Range | 19.7 | 7.8 | 15.6 | 21.6 | 9.00 |
Table 2 above shows that measures of variation for the variables that have been applied in the study. The determination of variation was based on the variable used in the study process. Calculations have been done using Microsoft Excel formulas. The highest variation was recorded among the black race or black respondents involved in the study process. The measures of variations were also recorded for every 100, 000 individuals. Therefore, black participants had the highest rate of cancer infection with the highest variation rate. The table shows the maximum, minimum, range, standard deviation and the variance of the variables presented in the dataset. Measures of variation often indicate the variation of measurements between groups or variables included in the process
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