Explain the staging of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and contributing factors to consider. Consider ESRD prevention and health promotion opportunities. Describe what type of patient education should be provided to Mr. C. for prevention of future events, health restoration, and avoidance of deterioration of renal status.

Question 4: Staging of ESRD and Contributing Factors

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) can be classified into 5 stages based on the kidney functions, assessed as glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Stage one is a GFR > 90ml/ min, stage 2 is GFR between 60- 89ml/ min, stage 3 is between 30- 59 ml/min with moderate loss in kidney function. A renal GFR of 15-29 is stage 4 with a severe loss in function. Stage 5 is an end-stage renal disease requiring dialysis (Chen et al., 2019). Etiological factors implicated in ESRD in his case are hypertension and diabetes. Others include Urinary tract infections and acute kidney injury. Chronic kidney stones also contribute to developing ESRD.

Question 5: Preventive Measures

Lifestyle modifications are the hallmark of the prevention of the development of renal disease. Control of diabetes and blood pressure is key. Control of dyslipidemias with antilipemic drugs prevents disease progression to CKD. Dietary modification limited to strict salt and fat intake reduction is key. Prevention should be aimed at weight reduction by undertaking aerobic exercise (Chen et al., 2019). Adherence to medications is essential. Bariatric surgery is also a possible preventive strategy in management.

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