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Diabetes type 1 is also known as juvenile diabetes and is dependent on insulin injections. Type 1 diabetes happens when the pancreas does not produce enough or any of the insulin hormones in the body, which are necessary to help regulate the glucose in the body. Common signs and symptoms of type 1 DM can appear relatively suddenly. These symptoms include; increased thirst(polydipsia), frequent urination (polyuria), bed-wetting in children who previously did not wet the bed during the night, extreme hunger (polyphagia), and unintended weight loss, irritability and other mood changes, fatigue, weakness, and blurred vision.
Pathophysiology of Polyuria
Polyuria is one of the diabetes symptoms which means urine excretion is more than usual. High amounts of solutes within the renal tubules cause a passive osmotic diuresis and increased urine volume. In Diabetic patients, high urinary glucose levels exceed tubular reabsorption capacity, leading to increased glucose levels in the renal tubules; water follows passively, resulting in glucosuria and increased urine volume.
Pathophysiology of Polydipsia
Polydipsia can be the first sign that blood glucose levels are too high. A high blood glucose level in diabetic patients causes the kidney to produce more urine in order to remove excess glucose from the body. Furthermore, high blood glucose levels cause intracellular dehydration, and hypothalamus activation sends the thirst signal (Christ-Crain et al., 2019, pp. 2-3). Because more urine is being produced to reduce the amount of glucose circulating in the bloodstream, the brain instructs the body to increase the amount of fluid consumed. According to Seladi-Schulman (2020), persistent thirst can be caused by dehydration, osmotic diuresis (an increase in urination caused by excess glucose entering the kidney tubules that cannot be reabsorbed, resulting in increased water in the tubules), and mental health issues such as psychogenic polydipsia.
Pathophysiology of Polyphagia
Polyphagia is an excessive hunger feeling. This hunger usually dissipates once the person satisfies the craving by eating. In diabetics, the sense of hunger does not dissipate following consuming food. in diabetes, glucose can’t enter cells to be used for energy due to either low insulin levels or insulin resistance. The issue occurs when the conversion from glucose to energy is impaired, leading to continued hunger. With this being said, when the person consumes food, the glucose from that food then leads to increased blood glucose levels.
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(polyuria) Hyperglycemia acts as an osmotic diuretic. The amount of glucose filtered by the glomeruli of the kidneys exceeds the amount that can be reabsorbed by the renal tubules. Glycosuria results accompanied by large amounts of water lost in the urine. (polydipsia) Because elevated blood glucose levels, water is osmotically attracted from body cells which results in intracellular dehydration and hypothalamic stimulation of thirst. (polyphagia) Depletion of cellular stores of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins results in cellular starvation and a corresponding increase in hunger.
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