In a globe where prevention is uppermost, health enhancement and risk reduction develop to support proactive well-being, authorizing individuals to seize control of their health and encapsulate a vitality future. Health enhancement and risk reduction are vital to maintaining overall well-being and averting disorder. Health promotion aims to authorize individuals and communities and control their health through education, awareness, and healthy lifestyle decisions (Nutbeam, 2019). It entails encouraging regular physical activity, enhancing nutritious eating habits, and promoting mental and emotional well-being. On the other hand, risk reduction focuses on reducing the opportunities for developing health issues by recognizing and addressing possible risks. This may entail executing safety measures, like using seat belts and practicing safe sex, including raising awareness about the harmful impacts of smoking, excessive alcohol intake, and poor dietary decisions. By highlighting health enhancement and risk reduction, individuals can develop informed decisions, resulting in healthier lives and lessening the burden of preventable disorders. This paper will explore numerous theories of health promotion, including Pender’s health promotion model, the health belief model, the trans theoretical theory and the theory of reasoned action, discuss health behaviors for health promotion and disease prevention, the principles of transcultural nursing to community health nursing, and the basic concept of critical theory to environmental health nursing problems.
Several theories of health promotion offer frameworks for comprehending and directing individuals’ behaviors connected to health. Pender’s health enhancement model highlights the interaction among personal factors, behavior-specific cognitions and impacts, and the social and physical environment (Khoshnood et al., 2018). It put forward the individuals enrolling in health-enhancing behaviors structured on their perceived profits and barriers, self-efficacy, action-related impact, interpersonal influences, and situational impacts. On the other hand, the health belief model highlights that individuals’ health behaviors are impacted by their perceived vulnerability to a health issue, the extremity of the problem, the profits and restrictions of taking action, and the action signal (Jose et al., 2021). It highlights the perceived threat’s role and effectiveness in encouraging behavior change. The trans theoretical theory is also termed as the stages of change model, proposing that individuals go through different phases when changing behaviors. It emphasizes the necessity of tailoring interventions to individuals’ readiness to change and concedes that relapse is a normal part of the change procedures. Finally, the theory of reasoned action aims at the impact of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control on intention and behavior (Nisson & Earl, 2020). It highlights that individuals are most likely to enroll in behavior; they have emphatic attitudes toward it, perceive social pressure to perform it and trust they have control over it. Such theories offer valuable insights into factors impacting health behaviors and can inform the growth of effectual health enhancement intervention
Health behaviors play a vital role in both health enhancement and disorder prevention. This behavior covers various actions individuals can take to improve their well-being and minimize the risk of developing numerous health statuses. Regular physical activity is a crucial health behavior that enhances cardiovascular health, nourishes muscles and bones, and assists in weight management (Foster et al., 2018). A stabilized and nutritious diet is also a vital behavior, supporting overall health, offering vital nutrients, preventing chronic disorders, and maintaining healthy body weight. Keeping away from tobacco and smoking and chewing tobacco is a crucial behavior for disorder prevention, as it significantly lessens the risk of lung cancer and heart disorders, among other respiratory disorders. Restricting alcohol intake is also essential, as excessive drinking can result in liver damage, addiction, and escalated risk of accidents. In addition, having safe sex by using barrier methods and regular screening for sexually transmitted disorders enables the prevention and the spread of disorders (Wood & Gudka, 2018). Sufficien
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