HEALTH BELIEF MODEL
The ever-increasing number of lifestyle-related health problems has prompted health workers to develop a model, theory, or intervention based on preventing and promoting an effective and efficient personal behavior that is not universally accepted. Various health behavioral interventions have been developed in the form of disease prevention as the primary goal. Various theories of health ethics have been used to inform health intervention projects, such as the transtheoretical model (Prochaska et al., 1992), the Health Belief Model (Rosenstock, 1966), and Organized Behavior Theory (Ajzen, I., 1991). However, the Health Belief Model developed in the 1950s to assess people's inability to take preventative measures is still one of the most widely used models in evaluating behavioral health interventions (Glanz and Lewis, 2002; National Cancer Institute, 2003). The Health Belief Model is a behavior change model used to predict individual responses and changes in their behavior in disease prevention. HBM was founded in the early 1950s by social psychologists to explain the widespread failure of people to participate in disease prevention programs (Hochbaum, 1958; Rosenstock, 1960, 1974). The model was later expanded to study people's responses to symptoms (Kirscht, 1974) and their behavior in response to diagnoses, especially in line with the treatment plan (Becker, 1974). The model is still in its infancy due to a new version added in the 1980s. The model demonstrates that people's beliefs about the risk of a health problem and their perception of the stated benefits of taking action to avoid a health problem influence them to take action. The key elements of this model appear to be the risk and perceived strength, perceived benefits and perceived barriers, action strategies, and efficiency. The Health Belief Model has been used extensively for prevention-related health concerns such as cancer screening, high blood pressure, and AIDS-preventing behaviors. HBM is also important in interventions to reduce the risk factors for cardiovascular disease. To emphasize what I have written about, this model was originally developed to predict participation in trial trials and vaccination programs with a focus on single prevention behaviors, most recently used in behavioral behaviors that may sometimes involve long-term chronic behaviors (Baranowski, Cullen, Nicklas, Thompson, & Baranowski, 2003). Nowadays, the Health belief model is the best and most frequently used model in behavioral health-related research and to predict health-promoting behavior (Bay, Dönmez, & Arabac, 2017; Farajzadegan et al., 2016; Sari, 2018). The reason why I focused on the model is that it focuses on health behavior because positive health behavior promotes longevity and also reduces the risk of losing mobility and independence in later life. PHILOSOPHICAL HISTORY AND ORIGIN OF THE MODEL In the early 1950s, academic psychologists developed a way of understanding behavior that developed from reading teachings drawn from two major sources, Stimulus-Response Theory (Watson, 1925) and Cognitive Theory (Lewin, 1951; Tolman, 1932). Stimulus-Response theorists believed that learning outcomes from reinforced events reduced life-drive drives. Skinner (1938) developed the widely accepted theory that moral frequency is determined by its effects or reinforcement. For Skinner, a temporary relationship between behavior and immediate rewards is considered sufficient to increase the likelihood that behavior will recur. In this view, concepts such as thinking or reasoning are not necessary to describe behavior. Psychological theories, however, emphasize the role of hypothetical ideas and expectations of individuals, believing that behavior is a function of the imaginary value of an outcome and the possibilities of imagining, or anticipating, that a particular action will achieve that result. Such formulas are often called expected value theories. Mental processes such as thinking, reasoning, contemplation, or anticipation are essential aspects of all mental processes. Psychological theories believe that reinforcement works by influencing expectations about the situation rather than directly influencing behavior. When perceptions of quantitative expectation were gradually changed in the context of health-related behaviors, it was thought that people valued avoiding illness/recovery and expected that a particular health action might prevent illness. Expectations were also defined in terms of individual measures of personal susceptibility and perceived severity of the disease, as well as the possibility of being able to reduce that threat through personal action (health ethics and health education). The health belief model was developed. The Health Belief Model developed by social psychologists Irwin M. Rosenstock, Godfrey M. Hochbaum, S. Stephen Kegeles, and Howard L eventually worked for the U.S. Public H
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