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Global Health Comparison Grid
NURS – 6050C: Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health
Global Health Comparison Grid and Narrative Statement
| Global Healthcare Issue | Antibiotic Resistance
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| Description | Antibiotic resistance (AMR) is a global public health problem that was listed by the World Health Organization (WHO) among the top 10 leading world health issues in 2020 (WHO, 2020). AMR is described occurs when microbial pathogens, such as fungi and bacteria, develop the capacity to repel or survive the antibiotic agents intended to kill them, thereby threatening the globe’s advances in food production and healthcare, which, in turn, negatively affect life expectancy (WHO, 2020). Statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2020) reveal that >2.8 million AMR infections are documented in the U.S. annually, resulting in >35000 mortalities each year. Similar trends have been observed in China, where the AMR crisis is deteriorating and seriously threatening animal and human health (Qu et al., 2019). Addressing AMR calls for concerted efforts among countries in both industrialized and developing regions to detect, mitigate, and respond to the associated disasters. A comparison of policy efforts adopted by China and the U.S. will be presented in this Global Healthcare Comparison Matrix Antibiotic Resistance Global Healthcare Comparison Matrix and Narrative Statement Assignment. | |
| Country | United States | China |
| Describe the policy in each country related to the identified healthcare issue | The U.S. government issued Executive Order 13676 directing the Department of Health and Human Services to formulate and lead the execution of the 2020 – 2025 National Action Plan for Combating AMR, aka CARB (Federal Task Force on Combating AMR, 2020). CARB outlines that the U.S. will collaborate with both overseas and local agencies to detect, prevent, and control infections and mortalities attributed to AMR. The primary aim of the Plan is structured around five objectives for collective actions by the federal government in collaboration with organizations, individuals, and international administrations (Federal Task Force on Combating AMR, 2020). The five goals encompass 1) fast-tracking applied and basic research and formulation of novel antimicrobial agents, 2) advancing formulation and application of rapid and inventive diagnostic assays for detection and characterization of resistant microbes, and 3) strengthening the national collaborative, multisectoral, and transdisciplinary (One Health) surveillance attempts to curb AMR (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2019). Fourth, improving overseas capacities and collaboration for AMR mitigation, and lastly 5) slowing the incidence of resistant microbes and curbing the dissemination of AMR infections. | Like in the U.S., infections resulting from multi-drug resistant organisms, particularly CRE, are exponentially increasing in China, and they are often allied to elevated death rates owing to a lack of therapeutic alternatives (Qu et al., 2019). As a result, the Chinese Ministry of Health introduced the zero mark-up drug policy (ZMDP) in 2009 to rationalize antibiotic use and discourage public hospitals from benefiting from the over-prescription of antimicrobial agents that are allied to AMR (Yan et al., 2020). |
| What are the strengths of this policy? | One of the core strengths of the 2020 – 2025 Plan is the One Health approach to the implementation of the policy, where stakeholders are drawn from multiple sectors at the global, national, regional, and local levels collaborate to accomplish the shared goal of combatting AMR (CDC, 2019). Second, the readiness of Congress to support the investment in and implementation of the Plan has allowed the U.S. to make significant advances in combating AMR (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2019). | The implementation of the ZMDP was preceded by a nationwide campaign, which helped in creating ex
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