Chan, S., & Greca, A. (2016). Cyber victimization and aggression: Are they linked with adolescent smoking and drinking? Child Youth Care Forum, 45(1), 47-63.
Chan and Greca investigated the connection between cyberbullying and substance abuse among teenagers. Research attributes peer victimization to substance abuse among young people. Nevertheless, limited studies have analyzed the relationship between cyberbullying and addiction. Chan and Greca concluded that cyber aggression and victimization occur as a result of alcohol and cigarette use. They found that the majority of perpetrators of cyberbullying indulge in substance abuse. The research confirmed the public perception that cyberbullies work under the influence of alcohol and drugs. The researchers recommended further studies to determine the particular factors that contribute to the link between substance use and violence.
Holfeld, B., & Grabe, M. (2012). Middle school students’ perception of and responses to cyberbullying. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 46(4), 395-413.
Holfeld and Grabe investigated the nature and degree of cyberbullying experience among middle school students. They discovered that about 64% of the learners reported incidences of cyberbullying to their colleagues or parents. Female students were more prone to cyberbullying than male learners. Most students were reluctant to inform their teachers about the incidents. The study found that parents and peers were not successful in helping victims of cyberbullying. It highlighted the need for a concerted effort between the parents, school administrations, and peers in assisting victims of cyberbullying.
Wensley, K., & Campbell, M. (2012). Heterosexual and nonheterosexual young university students’ involvement in traditional and cyber forms of bullying. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(12), 649-655.
Wensley and Campbell maintain that students who do not declare their sexual orientation are at a high risk of being victims of traditional and cyberbullying. Nonheterosexuals, especially men are susceptible to cyberbullying. However, there is no correlation between individuals’ sexual orientation and perpetration of cyberbullying. Wensley and Campbell’s research highlights the need to introduce bullying interventions in tertiary institutions and to pay attention to nonheterosexual learners.
Xiao, B., & Wong, Y. (2013). Cyber-bullying among university students: An empirical investigation from the social cognitive perspective. International Journal of Business and Information, 8(1), 34-69.
Xiao and Wong allege that a majority of the current studies on cyberbullying focus on children and teenagers and do not rely on a strong theoretical foundation. Limited research focuses on cyberbullying among university students. Insights from the social cognitive theory suggest that environmental and personal factors contribute to university students perpetrating cyberbullying. Internet self-efficacy, cyberbullying experience, and motivations are among the factors that lead to college students exhibiting cyberbullying behaviors. The study augments people’s knowledge about the predictors of cyberbullying among university students.
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Yang, S., Stewart, R., Kim, J., Kim, S., Shin, I., Dewey, M., … Yoon, J. (2013). Differences in predictors of traditional and cyber-bullying: A 2-year longitudinal study in Korean school children. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 22(1), 309-318.
According to Yang et al., limited studies have investigated the phenomenon of cyberbullying. Thus, the researchers sought to analyze the psychological and environmental factors that influence traditional and cyberbullying. Their study found that depressive signs and male gender were connected to both general and cyberbullying behaviors. Moreover, individuals raised by single mothers were likely to perpetuate traditional bullying. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was attributed to cyberbullying victimization. Yang et al. found that poor academic performance and low self-esteem contributed to cyberbullying victimization and perpetration. Anxiety led to children perpetrating cyberbullying.
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