Question 2: Pathophysiology of three P`s in type I diabetes Mellitus
Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) have autoimmune destruction of the pancreas’s β-islet cells, leading to absolute insulin deficiency in the body (Nigro et al., 2018). They, therefore, have disorders in the metabolism of glucose, resulting in high serum levels of glucose. As a result of this hyperglycemia, the renal threshold for glucose is overcome, and glucose is passed into the urine (Nigro et al., 2018).
Glycosuria increases the osmotic potential of the urine, thus leading to increased water loss resulting in polyuria. Consequently, the individual becomes dehydrated and the thirst center is stimulated to increase the water intake to offset the dehydration (Banday et al., 2020). This increase in water intake is polydipsia. Further, glucosuria also reduces the body’s carbohydrates, and the individual increases food intake to replenish the lost sugars (Nigro et al., 2018). Polyphagia refers to this increased food intake in DM.
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