Hypertension Pathophysiology nursing Cardiac output and peripheral resistance

Hypertension Pathophysiology nursing

Cardiac output and peripheral resistance

Normal blood pressure is maintained in the body due to the balance between cardiac output and peripheral resistance. Some people who have normal cardiac output still have hypertension. It is due to the peripheral resistance of small arterioles. These small arterioles have inner linings of smooth muscle cells. It is believed that the contraction of smooth muscle cells causes an increase in calcium concentration. Prolonged smooth muscle contraction cause thickening of the arteriolar vessel walls. It leads to an increase in peripheral resistance and an increase in blood pressure. At initial times hypertension causes an increase in cardiac output as it pumps more blood. After a long period of time heart capacity gradually decrease and thus cardiac output also decreases.

Renin-angiotensin system cause of hypertension

The Renin-angiotensin system is also an important factor in the increase in blood pressure. Renin is secreted from the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidney. It is released in the case of glomerular under perfusion and a decrease in salt intake. Sympathetic stimulation releases renin. Renin helps to convert renin substrate to angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is an inactive enzyme. It is converted to angiotensin II. This angiotensin II acts as a vasoconstrictor and increases blood pressure. Angiotensin II also stimulates the adrenal gland and releases aldosterone. Aldosterone is responsible for the increase in blood pressure and sodium and water retention. Although the renin-angiotensin system is not directly responsible for essential hypertension still it has an effect on local systems.

Endothelial dysfunction cause hypertension

Vascular endothelial cells produce vasodilator molecule nitric oxide and vasoconstrictor molecule peptide endothelin. It has been found that endothelial dysfunction causes essential hypertension. To prevent complications of hypertension, physicians try to modulate endothelial functions.

Vasoactive substances cause hypertension

Vasoactive substance’s presence also affects sodium transport and vascular tone. Endothelin is found to be a powerful vasoconstrictor, produces a salt-sensitive rise in blood pressure. When the blood volume is increased in the body atrial natriuretic is produced from the atria. Its main aim is to increase water and sodium excretion from the body. Any defect in this system may cause hypertension. Sodium transport in smooth muscle also impacts blood pressure. Steroid-like substances interfere with sodium transport and lead to vasoconstriction.

Insulin sensitivity cause hypertension

A cluster of risk factors like obesity, hypertension, glucose intolerance, diabetes mellitus cause Raven’s syndrome. It causes an increase in blood pressure and vascular damage.

Genetic influence on hypertension

Multiple genes are responsible for the development of essential hypertension. Examples of.

Intrauterine effect on hypertension

Recent studies found that babies who are small at birth, have more chances of developing hypertension in their adult period. Babies who are small for their age are more likely to develop hypertension and cardiovascular disease in their adult period.

Diastolic dysfunction cause hypertension

In hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy, the ventricle can not fully relax in diastole. So there is a reduction in normal ventricular pressure. It increases pulmonary capillary pressure and induces pulmonary capillary congestion.

Hypertension signs and symptoms

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